This paper presents the second part of an ongoing research project examining the petroglyph-covered stone known as Piedra Pintada near Caldera in western Panama. While the first study focused on field documentation and an initial cosmological interpretation of the engravings, this second part expands the investigation by exploring the orientation of the stone, its relationship to the surrounding volcanic landscape, and the astronomical significance suggested by the arrangement of the carvings. Special attention is given to the clear north–south alignment observed on the surface of the stone and to the distribution of petroglyph clusters across its different sides. The western side contains a prominent solar-like symbol with radiating strokes, while other areas display spirals, circular forms, and sequences of marks that reflect cyclical and celestial symbolism. Using field observations, photographic documentation, and astronomical simulations, the study examines how the orientation of the stone relates to notable celestial configurations visible from the region in the distant past. In particular, the appearance of the Pleiades star cluster and the position of the ecliptic band are explored as meaningful elements within the overall petroglyph composition. By bringing together landscape, volcanic geology, sky observation, and symbolic engraving, this paper offers a deeper framework for understanding Piedra Pintada as a structured cosmological expression within the highlands of western Panama.
Desiree G.E. van Toor (Sun,) studied this question.