What question did this study set out to answer?

The paper addresses concerns about income smoothing behavior related to extraordinary items and data limitations.

Classificatory Smoothing of Income with Extraordinary Items: A Reply.

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Analysis reveals correlation of extraordinary items in income statements, suggesting smoothing behavior in financial reporting.

The paper addresses concerns about income smoothing behavior related to extraordinary items and data limitations.
Analysis of comments on income smoothing behavior concerning extraordinary items.
Discussion on correlation analysis appropriateness when management's smoothing intentions are unclear.
Examination of three variables related to extraordinary items: nonrecurring expenses and tax adjustments.
Findings indicate that established correlations can suggest different types of income smoothing behavior.
Extraordinary items are shown to consist of multiple variables affecting income statistics.

Barnea et al. (1977) studied this question.

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