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March 19, 2026Open Access

Multilevel modeling and mediation analysis of acute respiratory infections among under five children in Bangladesh: evidence from multiple indicator cluster survey

SMShohel MahmudBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology RSRazia SultanaAyub Agriculture Research Institute MHMd. Sakawat HossainNoakhali Science and Technology University

Key Points

This research aims to identify the prevalence and risk factors of acute respiratory infections among under-five children in Bangladesh using multilevel modeling and mediation analysis.
Utilized data from the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) involving 24,686 children aged 0–59 months.
Employed multilevel logistic regression to analyze ARI determinants accounting for hierarchical structure.
Conducted mediation analysis to evaluate the roles of maternal education, stunting, and kitchen location on the wealth index and ARI relationship.
The prevalence of ARI among the children was 7.54%.
Males exhibited a higher ARI prevalence (56.3%) compared to females (43.7%).
Older children aged 24–59 months had a significantly lower ARI risk (AOR: 0.61).
Kitchen location (30.5%) and stunting (14.7%) were identified as significant mediators.

Abstract

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major health problem in Bangladesh but limited evidence exists on its prevalence, determinants, and mediating factors among under-five children using nationally representative data. Using data from the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), this study analyzed ARI prevalence among 24,686 children aged 0–59 months (under five years). Multilevel logistic regression was employed to identify ARI determinants while accounting for the hierarchical data structure. Furthermore, mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediating roles of maternal education, stunting, and kitchen location in the association between the wealth index and ARI. The prevalence of ARI was 7.54%. The mean age of the children was 2.02 years (SD: 1.42 years), and among respondents 51.5% were male and 48.5% were female. The prevalence of ARI was higher among male (56.3%) children than female (43.7%) children. Chi-square tests showed that gender, age, parental age, wealth index, kitchen location, and stunting were significantly associated with ARI (p < 0.05). Multilevel logistic regression revealed that females (AOR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72–0.88) and older children aged 24–59 months (AOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.55–0.68) had significantly lower ARI risk. Conversely, separate (AOR: 1.28) or outdoor kitchens (AOR: 1.22) and stunting (AOR: 1.19) were associated with increased risk. Compared to Barishal, the ARI risk was lower in Dhaka (AOR: 0.54) but higher in Mymensingh (AOR: 1.87). Mediation analysis showed that kitchen location (30.5%) and stunting (14.7%) mediated the relationship between the wealth index and ARI prevalence. In addition to treatment, nutrition improvement, safe cooking environment, and regional planning are essential. Promoting and strengthening health education could further help in reducing ARI. These interventions are also aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3: good health and well-being), and could contribute to achieving national and global health targets.

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