Numerical study of thermal and solutal stratification via Williamson nanofluid model with Cattaneo–Christove heat flux

The study investigates fluid flow over a stratified sheet influenced by non-linear thermal radiation. By applying similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are then solved using the shooting method. The analysis examines the effect of key flow parameters, including Brownian motion, Prandtl number, Eckert number, magnetic parameter, and thermophoresis parameter, on critical thermophysical quantities. For instance, the skin friction coefficient decreases with an increase in the Wessenberg number, dropping from approximately 2.3 to 2.2. Moreover, a reduction in the Cattaneo–Christov temperature parameter leads to a diminished temperature profile while enhancing the concentration distribution. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of non-linear radiative effects in stratified fluid flows.