Clinical role of anti-PD-1 immunotherapies in esophageal cancer

Anti-PD-1 antibodies containing therapies have become central to ESCC management, improving survival in both metastatic and perioperative settings. Regional phase 3 trials have expanded therapeutic options, although differences in regulatory approval influence global accessibility. Despite these advances, optimal patient selection remains challenging, and predictive biomarkers are urgently needed. Future progress will depend on biomarker development, treatment sequencing, and integration of emerging strategies supported by robust clinical evidence.