Policy blind spots in forest conservation implementation: The overlooked value of primary forests

Primary forests are naturally regenerated ecosystems dominated by native species, characterised by minimal human disturbance and largely intact ecological processes. Almost one-third of the global forest area is recorded as primary forests. Compared to secondary or planted forests, they sustain exceptionally high levels of biodiversity, store substantial amounts of carbon, and provide a wide range of vital ecosystem services. However, the recent Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA, 2025) reveals that these ecosystems remain inadequately protected and continue to decline at an average rate of 1.61 million hectares per year between 2015 and 2025, underscoring an urgent need for stronger conservation measures and policy attention at both national and global scales. Acknowledging the ecological importance of primary forests and ensuring their conservation is imperative, as these ecosystems are unique and relevant for the planet.