Advances in Nanomaterial-Assisted Electrochemical Biosensors for Chlorpyrifos Detection: From Fundamentals to Field Applications

Chlorpyrifos (CLP) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) in agriculture for controlling pests and insects. Residues of this pesticide have been found in various vegetables, water sources, environmental samples, and even in human fluids like blood and urine. This review summarizes CLP's exposure and toxicity to non-target organisms, as well as its effects on human health. The discussion begins with the importance of detecting CLP in the environment. It then examines currently available detection methods, their limitations, and the need for new electrochemical techniques for rapid monitoring of this harmful chemical at the point of care (POC). As electrochemical sensors have demonstrated high sensitivity and low limits of detection (LODs) ranging from nanomolar to attomolar, they employ various nanomaterials, including molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), carbon-based nanomaterials, metal and non-metal oxides, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). These materials have improved detection strategies in recent years. Unlike previously reported reviews that address both optical and electrochemical methods for OPPs, the present review exclusively focuses on electrochemical sensing strategies for CLP, highlighting recent advances, underlying mechanisms, properties and material innovations. In addition, it aims for a future outlook by suggesting ideas for improving the precise detection of CLP across a range of robust settings, enabling its monitoring in the environment. • Chlorpyrifos (CLP) is a widely utilized pesticide for agricultural and domestic purposes. • Several adverse effects of CLP intoxication have been reported globally • Recent advancements in electrochemical sensors for CLP detection have been discussed • An overview of challenges and future aspects is also discussed