Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Osteosarcoma: A Decade of Progress and Future Directions

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent cause of primary malignant bone tumors in childhood and adolescence. It is aggressive and may be associated with early metastasis, making patient management difficult. In this research, modern AI models for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma were screened and analyzed. Our review searched for articles that used AI for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteosarcoma over the past 10 years, including AI in predicting the staging of tumors, predicting chemotherapy response, identifying prognostic biomarkers and assessing risk of metastasis. The models performed well based on AUC and C-index, with considerable discriminatory power, and were superior to the classical clinical methods analyzed. Through the identification of already existing deficiencies in the literature, this review pointed out a need for future research trends to explore with respect to prospective validation, multimodal data fusion and translation of AI tools into clinical routine.