Abstract The rapid evolution of digital technologies has revolutionized English Language Teaching (ELT), necessitating a shift from traditional pedagogies to innovative, disruptive approaches. This article explores how 21st-century ELT integrates digital tools, gamification, and artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance learner engagement, autonomy, and linguistic competence. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as Connectivism and transformative learning, the study examines case studies of flipped classrooms, mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), and AI-driven adaptive learning systems. Findings suggest that disruptive pedagogies not only bridge gaps in accessibility and inclusivity but also foster critical thinking and intercultural communication skills. The article concludes with recommendations for educators and policymakers to harness these innovations effectively while addressing challenges like digital equity and pedagogical resistance.
M et al. (Wed,) studied this question.