Structural Loads Should Be Combined Deterministically

Current structural reliability calculations are typically based on combinations of load pairs. However, there is no consensus on key aspects such as the reference time, the target reliability, or the choice between a stochastic and independent (SC) versus a deterministic and dependent (DC) approach. This article shifts the focus from load–pair combinations to individual load–material pairs and evaluates structural reliability using both the existing Eurocode methodology and a new approach based on 50-year loads and 50-year target reliability as well as the DC framework. The aim is to provide a more consistent and transparent basis for reliability assessment in structural design.