Behavioural, cognitive and affective factors of student engagement: a multi-modal model

A gap in the research exists with the inability to clearly define student engagement and consequently develop appropriate metrics. It is important to measure and monitor student engagement and learning in an accurate and timely manner. In this study, data was extracted from the Irish Survey of Student Engagement (StudentSurvey.ie, 2022). Data analysis involved structural equation modelling and factor analysis. The outcome includes behavioural, cognitive and affective factors that shape a driven multi-modal method of measuring student engagement in higher education. The model can be used to support interventions, which aim to increase student productivity, interaction in classrooms, maintain motivation and guide policymakers.