Findings reveal measurement bias in e-cigarette expectancies by sex and race in early adolescents, suggesting misguidance in identifying risks among marginalized groups.
Findings demonstrate measurement bias in the YEOEQ by sex and race/ethnicity in early adolescents. Unadjusted scores suggested riskier (more positive) e-cigarette expectancies among Latino than White youth and missed lower risk (less positive) among Black youth, potentially misguiding attention to these marginalized groups.
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Powell et al. (2026) studied this question.
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