Dose-Dependent Effects of Clove Oil on Human Nasal Epithelial Cells In Vitro

Despite clove oil's promise in otolaryngology, it is essential to establish a safe therapy window. For conditions in which the function of the mucosal barrier and the health of the epithelial cells are critical, such as allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, or upper respiratory tract infections, it can be administered topically by inhalation, nasal spray, or other nasal drug delivery systems. Further study, including in vivo tests, mucociliary function evaluations, and long-term exposure trials, is needed to establish its safety profile and guide its appropriate use in otorhinolaryngology.