Global Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Trichostrongylus Infection in Humans, Ovines, and Bovines: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Background Trichostrongylus infection is an often overlooked parasitic disease affecting both humans and animals, with significant implications for public health and veterinary medicine. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search across Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering studies on Trichostrongylus infections up to 18 February 2025. A random‐effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence at both regional and national levels. Results A total of 265 studies from 60 countries were included in this analysis. The overall pooled prevalence was estimated at 5% in humans, 25% in ovines, and 18% in bovines. Key risk factors included continent, altitude, sampling year, and Trichostrongylus species. Across all three host groups, females exhibited higher infection rates than males. In ovines and bovines, higher prevalence was associated with temperatures above 20 °C, relative humidity of 46%–65%, and low altitude; rainfall showed host‐specific patterns, with higher prevalence at ≤800 mm in humans and ovines and at >800 mm in bovines. In addition, the host species among ruminants and their feeding models were found to influence infection risk. Conclusion Trichostrongylus remains a shared health threat at the human–livestock–environment interface, with the highest prevalence in ovines and bovines in China. These findings support a One Health approach that integrates coordinated surveillance across humans and ruminants, climate‐informed hotspot targeting, and interventions that reduce environmental contamination alongside improved diagnostics and veterinary–public health collaboration.