Coal gangue, the primary solid by-product of coal mining, presents severe environmental challenges due to massive accumulation. At the same time, it represents potential as a secondary resource if properly utilized. This review systematically summarizes the mineralogical characteristics, modification strategies, and utilization pathways of coal gangue. Current treatment methods, including thermal, chemical, and microbial activation, are discussed, highlighting their respective efficiencies, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the transition of coal gangue from low-value disposal to high-value utilization. Representative applications are summarized, including its use as a precursor for advanced construction materials, as a functional material for environmental remediation, and as a feedstock for energy recovery. Finally, the major technological challenges and research gaps are identified. Future development should focus on intelligent sorting technologies, low-carbon activation processes, and synergistic multi-waste integration. These directions are expected to promote the transformation of coal gangue from an environmental liability into a valuable resource for the circular economy.
Lu et al. (2026) studied this question.