Revisiting Sino–Indian Conflicts on the Sikkim–Tibet Border, 1965–1967

China and India experienced two intense but contained armed encounters on the Sikkim–Tibet border in 1965 and 1967. In 1965, China amassed its troops on the Sikkim border to support Pakistan’s war efforts during the Indo–Pakistan War. In 1967, Chinese and Indian soldiers had several rounds of violent clashes on the Sikkim–Tibet border, which became the deadliest incidents since the 1962 Sino–Indian War. Based on rare and restricted Chinese materials that have not been used in the existing scholarly literature, this article revisits these two incidents and sheds light on how these incidents unfolded from the Chinese perspective. It also reveals new information about China’s operations and battle preparations in both conflicts.