Blockchain Technology in African Mineral Extraction Supply Chains: A Study of DRC Context in Rwanda

Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing transparency in complex supply chains, particularly those involving mineral extraction and distribution across borders. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with selected stakeholders from mining companies, government officials, and civil society organizations. Quantitative data on transaction volumes and time lags is also collected to analyse the impact of blockchain implementation. Blockchain technology has demonstrated significant potential in reducing transaction times by up to 25% (95% confidence interval), thereby enhancing overall supply chain efficiency in mineral extraction processes within DRC's borders. This reduction was particularly notable when applied across both domestic and international trade routes. The integration of blockchain into the DRC-Rwanda mining sector has shown promising results, particularly concerning transaction transparency and operational speed. These findings underscore the need for further research and implementation strategies to maximise these benefits. Given the preliminary positive impacts observed, it is recommended that governments in DRC and Rwanda expedite regulatory frameworks supporting blockchain technology adoption in mineral extraction industries. Additionally, collaboration between stakeholders should be encouraged to ensure seamless interoperability of blockchain systems across different sectors. Model estimation used θ̂=argminθ∑ᵢ(yᵢ,f_θ(xᵢ))+λθ₂², with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.