Rationale: Ensuring high-quality end-of-life (EOL) care for neonatal and pediatric patients and their families in the ICU requires a comprehensive, evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach. Objectives: To develop and provide evidence-based recommendations for EOL care and management of critically ill neonatal and pediatric patients and their families. Design: The American College of Critical Care Medicine Board convened a 21-member multidisciplinary panel of experts in pediatric critical care medicine, nursing, neonatology, psychology, spiritual care, social work, child life, respiratory care, bioethics, cardiology/cardiac intensive care, palliative care, and bereaved parents. The panel included two expert methodologists specialized in developing evidence-based recommendations in alignment with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Conflict-of-interest policies were followed during all phases of guidelines development including task force selection and voting. Methods: The panel members identified and formulated five Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome questions. We conducted a systematic review of literature (2000–2025) for each question to identify best available evidence, then statistically analyzed and assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE methodology. We used the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework to formulate the recommendations. Results: The panel generated five conditional recommendations and one good practice statement, focused on advance care planning, pediatric palliative care consultation and education, systematic symptom management, bereavement support, and health equity in EOL care. Conclusions: The recommendations were derived from the best available evidence at time of publication and provide valuable guidance to support EOL care for PICU and neonatal ICU patients and their families.
Derrington et al. (2026) studied this question.