The moderating effects of PUFA-MUFA status on brain network organization and cognitive function in older adults

Objectives This study investigates the interplay between dietary fatty acid composition (poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs and MUFAs), functional brain network organization, and attention and visuomotor processing speed among older adults. Background Dietary intake is one of several modifiable lifestyle behaviors that can have a significant impact on both cognitive function and brain health. Diets emphasizing the intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids have been shown to support cognitive aging and reduce age-related cognitive decline. Methods Cross-sectional data from 92 participants with a mean age of 68.8 were examined using a moderation model. PUFA + MUFA nutrient pattern served as the moderator (w). The predictor (x) was the small world propensity of the dorsal attention network (DAN), and the outcome (y) was the D-KEFS Trail composite score. Results The moderation model yielded significance (F (9, 82) = 2.18, P = .047, R2 = 0.19, P = .032). Notably, an interaction (t = 2.74, P = .008, CI [1.71, 10.83]) emerged between PUFA + MUFA nutrient pattern and functional organization. Conclusions Expanding upon prior research, these findings reveal that individuals with higher long-term dietary PUFA and MUFA intake from food sources, as assessed via a diet history questionnaire, are inclined to exhibit small-world DAN organization. Furthermore, these individuals demonstrate superior attention and visuomotor processing speed compared to peers with lower dietary intake. This study underscores the impact of diet on brain network properties and cognitive function and offers actionable insights for nutritional interventions targeting enhanced brain health during aging.