Graphene Oxide/Copper Modified Polyetheretherketone With Dual Antimicrobial and Osteogenic Activity for Bone Defect Repair

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is extensively used in orthopedic implants owing to its excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability. However, its inherent bio‐inertness and lack of antimicrobial activity necessitate surface modification for enhanced biomedical functionality. This study developed a multifunctional SPEEK‐PDA‐GO/Cu composite via a layer‐by‐layer modification strategy. PEEK was first sulfonated (SPEEK) to generate a three‐dimensional porous surface. A polydopamine (PDA) coating, leveraging its strong adhesion and biocompatibility, was then deposited onto this nanostructure. Subsequently, graphene oxide (GO) and copper ions (Cu) were sequentially immobilized onto the PDA layer. Comprehensive characterization confirmed significantly improved surface hydrophilicity and potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (99.2%) and Staphylococcus aureus (99.8%). Furthermore, the synergistic effects of PDA and Cu ions substantially enhanced cellular compatibility and osteogenic differentiation. This surface engineering approach offers a promising platform for designing multifunctional PEEK implants with dual capabilities of antimicrobial efficacy and improved osseointegration.