An evaluation and comparison of critical factors contributing to falls-from-height hazards in Vietnamese building projects

Purpose In Vietnam, falls-from-height (FFHs) are shaped by multiple factors; however, project participants hold differing perceptions of these risks. This study aims to analyze and establish an overall assessment model for fall-related hazards in building projects. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a literature review and expert input, 28 relevant risk factors were identified within the Vietnamese context. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed through statistical techniques, including Cronbach’s alpha, mean scores and analysis, t-tests, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation (FSE). Findings The results indicate that all identified factors exert a strong influence on FFHs. However, perceptions of risk varied among respondents based on their work experience, job position and project affiliation. Overall, most risks were rated as moderate to high in severity (mean = 3.0), with Unstable scaffolding and ladders emerging as the most critical factor (mean = 4.09). The 26 significant factors were categorized into four principal components that together explained 63% of the total variance: Component 1–Project characteristics, construction methods and site conditions; Component 2–Equipment, monitoring and training; Component 3–Time, culture and adaptation; and Component 4–Human consciousness. The FSE results confirmed a high overall impact of FFH risk factors, yielding an average score of 3.6 out of 5. The components were ranked in descending order of influence as follows: Component 1, Component 2, Component 4 and Component 3. Research limitations/implications This study establishes a foundation for future research aimed at developing a robust model for assessing FFH risks in construction. Practical implications The proposed model of FFH factors and their components provides evidence-based guidance for prioritizing and developing targeted interventions in key areas such as worker training, on-site supervision, material quality management and policy enforcement. Originality/value This study highlights the critical importance of aligning stakeholder perceptions regarding fall-related risks.