Understanding Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Modern Management Strategies

This research paper provides a detailed review of Diabetes Mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder with a major global health impact. It examines the pathophysiology of Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes, focusing on the roles of insulin deficiency and resistance. Key topics include: the global prevalence and projected increase to 783 million adults by 2045; genetic and lifestyle risk factors such as obesity and inactivity; current management approaches, including pharmacological treatments and lifestyle interventions; emerging therapies like the artificial pancreas, stem cell research, and gene therapy; and both short-term and long-term complications. The study highlights the importance of early diagnosis, equitable healthcare access, and personalized treatment strategies to reduce the societal and economic burden of diabetes.