Genome-Wide Identification of the TCP Gene Family and Functional Analysis of Gypsophila paniculata GpTCP10 in Regulating Organ Development of Transgenic Arabidopsis

TCP transcription factors constitute a key regulatory family in plants, playing crucial roles in plant growth and development. Although this gene family has been extensively studied across diverse plant species, research in Gypsophila paniculata remains limited. Through genome-wide identification and analysis, this study identified 17 GpTCP in G. paniculata. Our analysis revealed that all GpTCP proteins contain a conserved TCP domain, with subcellular localization predictions indicating nuclear localization. Promoter analysis identified multiple cis-regulatory elements associated with plant organ development and growth regulation. Chromosomal synteny studies showed that gene expansion within the G. paniculata TCP gene family occurred after subfamily differentiation. Over-expression of GpTCP10 in Arabidopsis thaliana caused root development inhibition, leaf curling, smaller flowers, and yellowing of flowers. Further studies showed that in two normally growing G. paniculata varieties with different flower sizes, GpTCP10 was specifically expressed in leaf and floral tissues, with significantly higher expression levels in the smaller-flowered G. paniculata. These findings reveal the evolutionary characteristics of the TCP family in G. paniculata, and highlight the role of GpTCP10 in regulating organ growth and development in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and floral organ size in G. paniculata.