Proves a necessary parity structure in odd integers for the Collatz Conjecture, suggesting deeper structural understanding.
This paper proves that for any positive odd integer n, in the Collatz iteration, a parity structure of the form “even → even → odd” (EEO) must necessarily appear. The proof is based on modulo 4 classification and a parameter recursion method. We first address the case n ≡ 1 (mod 4). Then, for numbers n ≡ 3 (mod 4), by introducing parameters A, W, t, … and employing the method of infinite descent, we prove that such numbers will eventually transform into either n ≡ 1 (mod 4) numbers or directly enter a trajectory of multiples of 4. This result provides a structural foundation for the eventual proof of the Collatz Conjecture.
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Yixian Dai (2026) studied this question.
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