The digitalisation of ports, particularly through smart gates, requires not only technology but also organisational change in transport companies and effective interorganisational leadership. This study assesses carriers’ readiness for digital change applying the ADKAR model and examines organisational culture using the Competing Values Framework. Semi-structured interviews with leaders of carriers operating in the Port of Sines were analysed using a custom GPT-based AI model. Results reveal high awareness of digitalisation but lower levels of desire, ability, and reinforcement, especially among senior drivers and within hierarchical cultures. Active leadership correlates with greater readiness. While structured collaboration between ports and carriers remains limited, it is crucial for successful digital transformation. The ADKAR model proved valuable for identifying gaps and guiding targeted interventions. The study highlights the need to integrate technology with human capacity building and collaborative practices within shared digital ecosystems.
Basulo-Ribeiro et al. (Thu,) studied this question.