Perched on an isolated mountain overlooking the fertile Arbel Valley, Khirbet el-‘Eika offers a rare glimpse into the daily life, agricultural practices, and cultural identity of Hellenistic Galilee. Five seasons of excavation revealed a wealthy agricultural estate that flourished in the early second century BCE, complete with storage facilities and evidence of advanced farming practices. The site’s rich material culture reveals fascinating Mediterranean connections such as wine amphorae shipped from Rhodes and Kos, or fine tableware from the Phoenician coast and Asia Minor. The material culture and dietary habits point to a population with strong ties to the Phoenician coast, perhaps a genuine Phoenician population. Likely functioning as a royal land grant, the estate represents the flourishing agricultural economy that characterized Seleucid Galilee. The site’s abrupt abandonment around 144 BCE is probably connected to the internal wars in the Seleucid kingdom, involving also the Maccabees.
Leibner et al. (2026) studied this question.