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Key Points

• The study aims to develop a robust hybrid framework for analyzing thermodynamic properties in three-phase flow.
• Utilized hybrid finite volume method (FVM) and discrete element method (DEM)
• Analyzed flow behavior under varying particle grading
• Evaluated the thermodynamic performance of the framework
• Achieved high accuracy in thermodynamic predictions
• Demonstrated effective handling of broadly graded particles
• Highlighted improvements in computational efficiency