Reports on alternative fusion technologies aiming for commercial energy output, suggesting potential success paths.
Despite decades of effort and billions in investment, there is not yet a fusion technology that has achieved sustained commercial net energy output. The conventional approach to fusion involves doughnut-shaped magnetic containers called tokamaks, but some well-funded startups are pursuing radically different methods, fueled by the broader belief that one of these competing paths will eventually succeed.
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Michael S. Abrams (2026) studied this question.
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