An accurate 10 m annual crop map product of maize and soybean across the United States

Abstract. High-resolution crop maps over large spatial extents are fundamental to many agricultural applications; however, generating high-quality crop maps consistently across space and time remains a challenge. In this study, we improved a workflow for crop mapping and developed an openly available, annual, 10 m spatial resolution maize and soybean map product over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) from 2019 to 2022 (available at https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/mapping-crops-10-m-resolution-united-states, last access: 26 December 2025). We obtained all available Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data between May and October for every year, applied quality assurance, corrected the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects, and generated 10 d analysis ready data (ARD) composites. We then derived multi-temporal metrics from the 10 d ARD as training features for the national-scale wall-to-wall mapping. We implemented a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling, and then conducted annual field surveys and collected ground data. Utilizing the training data with Sentinel-2 multi-temporal metrics and topographic factors, we trained random forest models generalized for annual maize and soybean classification separately. Validated using field data from the two-stage cluster sample, our annual maps achieved consistent overall accuracies (OA) greater than 95 % with standard errors of less than 1 %. User's accuracies (UAs) and producer's accuracies (PAs) for maize were higher than 91 % and 84 % across the years, and UAs and PAs for soybean were greater than 88 % and 82 %, respectively. To illustrate the substantial improvement of the 10 m map over existing datasets, e.g., the 30 m Cropland Data Layer (CDL), we aggregated the 10 m maps to 30 m spatial resolution and quantified the number of mixed pixels that can be reduced by improving the mapping from 30 to 10 m. The counties with the most maize and soybean production in Iowa, Illinois and Nebraska had the lowest reduction in mixed pixels, ranging from 1 % to 7 %, whereas southern counties had a higher reduction in mixed pixels. Overall, the median percentages of mixed maize and soybean pixels reduction across all counties were 8 % and 9 %, respectively. With more Sentinel-2-like data available from continuous observations and incoming satellite missions, we anticipate that 10 m crop maps will greatly benefit long-term monitoring for agricultural practices from the field to global scales. The dataset is also available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28934993.v2 (Li et al., 2025).