This preprint demonstrates the relationship between factorials and primes, implying its significance in number theory.
Preprint v1 — A proof that (p-1)! ≡ -1 (mod p) if and only if p is prime. Abstract redacted pending IP review. Full abstract and unrestricted access will be available in v2 upon completion of intellectual property proceedings.
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Joseph R. Keen (2026) studied this question.
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