Metal Organic Framework-Based Biosensors for Healthcare and Agricultural Applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), with tunable structures, high porosity, and catalytic activity, are promising platforms for next-generation biosensors. MOF-based nanozymes (MOFzymes) and enzyme–MOF composites combine biological specificity with synthetic robustness, overcoming limitations of natural enzymes in complex environments. This review highlights recent advances in MOF-enabled biosensors for agricultural and healthcare applications, focusing on enzyme immobilization, nanozyme activity, and signal amplification strategies. MOFzymes enable low-cost, portable, and ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers, pathogens, pesticides, and environmental contaminants, although challenges remain in reproducibility, stability, selectivity in complex matrices, and scalable integration.