This pilot cross-sectional study examines the effects of creatinine and anabolic-androgenic steroids on kidney function in Lebanese bodybuilders, suggesting potential health risks.
Body building is a popular sport pursued to improve physical fitness and appearance through the systematic development and shaping of the muscles of the body by weight training. In addition a planned approach to nutrition is an important component to support muscle growth and repair. However, some nutrition and non-nutritional practices used by bodybuilders can be harmful. This is particularly important in Lebanon where there is no regulation or oversight of such practices. One popular practice in Lebanon is the consumption of large amounts of creatinine and protein supplementation, with recent practices also seeing the introduction of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to increase muscle growth and lean body mass.
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Karaali et al. (2026) studied this question.
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