Conclusion:This study demonstrated that various urinary proteins differed between the early non-diabetic CKD and no CKD groups.The validity of utilizing urinary proteomics as a biomarker tool in early non-diabetic CKD is confirmed by reflecting similar molecular processes relating to the development of non-diabetic CKD as per findings from previously published studies.Further research is required to confirm the regulation of identified proteins in the kidneys of patients with early non-diabetic CKD and to assess the utility of urinary proteomics in monitoring treatment response.I have no potential conflict of interest to disclose.I did not use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process.
Gutiérrez et al. (2026) studied this question.