Unveiling the Molecular Blueprint of Spinach Induced Anti-proliferation and Pro-apoptosis in Cervical Cancer

Background/Aim: Cervical cancer remains a significant global challenge, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies beyond conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The anticancer potential of natural compounds has recently garnered increased recognition. This study aimed to expand this knowledge by exploring the molecular mechanisms by which spinach extract (SE) influences the growth and survival of HeLa cervical cancer cells. Materials and Methods: HeLa cells were exposed to SE or medium alone. A clonogenic survival assay was performed following SE exposure, followed by a quick cell proliferation assay. RT-PCR was used to assess the expression of key proliferative and anti-proliferative molecules, and IHC was used to elucidate protein expression. TUNEL staining and caspase-3 assays measured apoptosis in the HeLa cells. Results: SE resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of HeLa cells. SE reduced the expression of pro-proliferative molecules, including cyclin B and cyclin D, in HeLa cells. It also reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule FLIP. Unexpectedly, the expression of p18 was decreased. Conclusion: SE is a low-cost nutritional supplement that was able to significantly slow the growth and promote apoptosis of HeLa cervical cancer cells by decreasing proliferative and anti-apoptotic molecules.