Evaluation of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5, and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 Serum Cytokine Levels in Women Patients with Bladder Cancer

Background: Bladder cancer (BC) represents a great global public health concern, with a high incidence and considerable mortality. The immune system serves as a definitive defense against cancer by detecting and eliminating abnormal cells. Cytokines are considered key mediators of immune signaling, playing an essential role in these interactions by modulating interactions between immune cells and the tumor microenvironment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) cytokines in the serum of Iraqi women with BC and compare them with those of healthy participant women. Methods: This study employed a case-control design and included a total of 90 women. The case group consisted of 50 patients diagnosed with BC, while the control group comprised 40 age and sex matched healthy women. Biological samples were collected from all participants, and the levels of the studied biomarkers were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results showed that there were no significant changes in the level of CXCL10 (76.849 ± 8.13, P = 0.224); in contrast, there was a significant increase in the levels of both CCL2 (448.315 ± 27.53, P = 0.0054) and CCL5 (45.076 ± 3.74, P = 0.040). Conclusion: This study suggests that CCL2 and CCL5 may be associated with BC related inflammatory processes and could represent preliminary biomarker candidates, whereas CXCL10 does not appear to be substantially involved.