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March 29, 2026Advanced Functional Materials2 citations

High‐Capacity Electrode Coupling Empowered by a Zwitterionic Hydrogel Electrolyte for Wide‐Temperature, High‐Energy‐Density Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors

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MXMinghao XuHuazhong University of Science and TechnologySZShengjun ZhaiHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyPGPeng GongChongqing University

Key Points

  • To develop an effective zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte that improves the performance of aqueous sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (ASIHCs) at various temperatures.
  • Synthesis of zwitterionic polymer with cationic/anionic groups
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability
  • Assembly of a new ASIHC configuration using δ-MnO2 cathode and pre-sodiated NaTi2(PO4)3 anode
  • Performance testing across a range of temperatures
  • Zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte shows exceptional ionic conductivity (58.6 mS cm–1 at 25°C)
  • Capacity of over 100 mAh g–1 at 0.3 A g–1 for the hybrid capacitor
  • Operating voltage achieved is 2.3 V
  • Energy density surpasses 58.0 Wh kg–1 at both 25 and -20°C

Abstract

ABSTRACT Aqueous sodium‐ion hybrid capacitors (ASIHCs) represent a promising sodium‐based energy storage technology owing to their cost‐effectiveness and high‐power characteristics, yet they face practical implementation barriers from performance degradation at subzero temperatures and energy density limitations imposed by capacitive electrodes. Herein we demonstrate a zwitterionic polymer containing paired cationic/anionic groups (─N + (CH 3 ) 2 /─SO 3 – ) that simultaneously regulates hydrogen‐bond networks and establishes rapid Na + transport channels through selective ion interaction. This strategy yields a zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte (PASGE) exhibiting a low freezing point (−36°C), exceptional ionic conductivity (58.6 and 12.4 mS cm – 1 at 25 and −20°C, respectively), superior water retention, widened electrochemical stability window (ESW), and mechanical robustness. We further assemble a new ASIHC configuration by pairing a pseudocapacitive δ‐MnO 2 cathode with a pre‐sodiated carbon‐coated NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 anode (δ‐MnO 2 ||PASGE|| pre‐sodiated NTP/C, labeled as MNHC). Benefiting from the high ionic conductivity and large ESW of PASGE, δ‐MnO 2 maximizes its pseudocapacitive behavior, achieving specific capacity comparable to the NTP/C anode (>100 mAh g −1 at 0.3 A g −1 ). Ultimately, our MNHC demonstrates high operating voltage (2.3 V), excellent foldability across −20 to 65°C, and superior energy densities (>58.0 Wh kg – 1 at both 25 and −20°C), surpassing many ASIHCs and even typical aqueous sodium‐ion batteries.

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Cite This Study

Xu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69c8c28cde0f0f753b39cec3https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.75181
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