Biotechnologies and the Production of Biotechnological Products in the Context of Technological Development Policy

The article is devoted to the problem of using biotechnologies as a tool for technological modernization of the Russian real sector. The article describes the pre-industrial and industrial stages of biotechnology development, as well as the main characteristics of the modern post-industrial stage. It is shown that the most important characteristic of modern biotechnologies is the multi-industry nature of the use of their products. The cross-cutting nature of modern biotechnologies, the complex nature of their scientific and technical foundations and dynamic development are emphasized. The article shows that the management of the process of development and application of biotechnologies raises the issue of classification and typology of biotechnologies. It is emphasized that most typologies use the scope of application as the main characteristic of a particular type of biotechnology. The author suggests an alternative approach to the creation of a typology based on the division of biotechnologies into basic, auxiliary and engineering. The concepts of “biotechnological sector” and “biocconomy” are proposed. It is shown that biotechnologies and products created with their help are developed and produced in the biological sector, while biocconomics is a market where the holistic unity of producers and consumers of these developments and products is realized. The article analyzes the process of transformation of the national technology policy in relation to biotechnologies, and notes the complex nature of the planned measures. It is concluded that in the coming years, the main efforts of regulatory authorities will be focused on the development of industrial microbiology as an essential element of the biotechnological sector, creating conditions for increasing biotechnological sovereignty of the Russian economy.