Field expedition highlights the impact of geology on biodiversity in California's conifer forests, suggesting integrated conservation approaches are needed.
This paper reports the results of a scientific and tourism-oriented field expedition carried out in May 2016 across several protected areas in California, United States, including national parks and adjacent conservation units. The study was based on direct field observation, photographic records, and on-site interpretation of geological, geomorphological, ecological, and biological features. Special emphasis was placed on conifer-dominated forest ecosystems, which represent a fundamental structural and ecological component of California’s landscapes. Observations highlight how geological context and altitudinal gradients influence vegetation patterns, habitat distribution, and biodiversity, as well as how management strategies attempt to reconcile ecosystem conservation with increasing tourism pressure. The results reinforce the importance of integrated conservation approaches that combine scientific research, environmental protection, and regulated public use within protected areas.
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Dario et al. (2026) studied this question.
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