As Southeast Asian nations face increasing energy demands and waste generation concerns, states have adopted public-private partnership (PPP) models to drive Waste-to-Energy (WtE) infrastructure development. However, WtE PPPs face numerous issues including construction delays, regulatory gaps, and operational inefficiencies. Given the high upfront investments and intangible costs of WtE PPPs, it is crucial to understand the factors influencing their performance, which informs policy decisions and enhances project outcomes. Particularly, this paper extracted critical risk factors from two case studies of WtE PPPs: Jatibarang in Indonesia and Soc Son in Vietnam, classified into three significant risks: legal, social, and operational risks.
Goh et al. (Mon,) studied this question.