Catalytic strategies for post-translational modifications regulating protein higher-order structure and properties

Proteins, the major functional components of living organisms, undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) that expand their structural and functional diversity. Recent advances in PTM profiling and functional analysis have revealed that many PTMs act as reversible modulators of protein behavior, operating with residue- and domain-level precision to reshape higher-order structures. Both biotic and abiotic catalyses are emerging means of deciphering and controlling PTMs. In this Tutorial Review, we outline how PTMs influence protein architecture across multiple structural scales and survey catalytic strategies that enable their analysis and manipulation.