Universal Owner and Impact of Its Engagement Program: An Analysis of Engagement Records of Japan's GPIF

Using 26,792 GPIF engagements across 21 funds (2017–2022), we provide empirical evidence on institutional investor stewardship effectiveness. Through propensity score matching and difference‐in‐differences analysis, we find that climate engagements significantly reduce greenhouse gas intensity and improve firm valuation, while governance engagements enhance shareholder returns, increase board independence, and reduce cross‐shareholdings. Engagements target large‐cap companies with lower controlling ownership. Our findings demonstrate that Japan's Government Pension Investment Fund, as a universal owner, drives measurable improvements in corporate governance, sustainability, and financial performance through structured asset manager engagements with investee companies.