Observational records clarify perceptions of the aurora borealis in Edo period Japan, indicating its cultural significance.
Based on the observation records of the aurora borealis ("red vapor")on the night of the twenty-eighth day of the seventh month of Meiwa 明和7(17 September 1770), this paper clarifies how people in Japan during the Edo 江戸period (1603-1868)perceived this extremely rare astronomical phenomenon.
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Kiyomi Iwahashi (2025) studied this question.
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