Heart failure management increasingly relies on heterogeneous clinical and real-world data generated through remote monitoring technologies. However, transforming these multimodal data streams into actionable insights requires robust interoperability infrastructures. This study presents the RETENTION interoperability framework, a federated HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)-based architecture designed to support multi-site heart failure monitoring across five independent clinical environments. A semantic reference model comprising 444 clinical and contextual variables was developed and aligned with FHIR R4 resources and internationally recognised terminology systems. The platform adopts a selective profiling strategy, extending only the Patient resource while standardising the remaining variables through example-driven Implementation Guide documentation. Identifiable data are retained locally within Clinical Site Backends, whereas anonymised datasets are periodically aggregated into a Global Insights Cloud to enable centralised analytics and controlled third-party interactions. The framework was deployed across six hospitals (with two Spanish hospitals sharing the same deployment), supporting 390 patients and over 130,000 patient-days of monitoring, with more than 3.6 million remote device data points harmonised without schema conflicts. The results demonstrate that large-scale semantic harmonisation and privacy-preserving aggregation can be achieved using a lightweight profiling approach, providing a scalable and reproducible interoperability model for multi-centre digital health research infrastructures.
Vasileiou et al. (2026) studied this question.