Analysis reveals how friends’ disapproval affects youth alcohol expectancies, highlighting parenting impact.
We investigated variations in associations of alcohol-related parenting factors with alcohol expectancies by perceived friends’ disapproval of alcohol use in middle-school-aged youth (n = 7657). Perceived friend disapproval moderated the association of deciding on rules about drinking with positive expectancies. Parenting factors and friend disapproval were independently associated with negative expectancies.
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Lim et al. (2026) studied this question.
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