Abiotic and biotic stresses in soybean (Glycine max L.): a review with emphasis on nitrogen nutrition and Fusarium species

Among legume crops, soybeans (Glycine max L.) are highly valued worldwide for their high protein and oil content and their ability to fix nitrogen. In crop farming, nutrition is vital for improving productivity and crops' tolerance to biotic stresses. This review aims to explore soybean responses to abiotic and biotic stressors, with a focus on nitrogen and Fusarium species, and the mechanisms by which these interactively affect soybeans. The review indicates that nitrogen availability influences the physiological and molecular responses of soybean to stressful conditions. Several studies indicate that hormone signalling pathways, reactive oxygen species, and the expression of genes associated with stress defence are affected by nitrogen availability. Nodulation also plays a significant role in boosting soybean able to uptake nitrogen in the stress condition of Fusarium. Evidence from molecular, physiological, and field studies confirms that nitrogen nutrition and biotic resistance are intertwined. Therefore, pre-evaluation and management of the amount of nitrogen in the soil is used to monitor Fusarium stresses, along with breeding for stress-tolerant traits, represent the best option to increase soybean production.