This paper presents the General Photon Flux Framework (GPFF), a modularand unified formulation for calculating the observed photon flux from astrophysicalsources. The framework systematically assembles well-established physical effects —inverse-square-law dilution, photon energy, angular incidence, cosmological redshift,thermal blackbody radiation, and luminosity distance — into a single coherent equation. While each individual component draws on standard physics, the contributionof this work lies in their explicit, transparent unification and the clear identificationof physically meaningful modularity between layers. The framework is validatedagainst three test cases: a quasar at cosmological redshift z = 1, the solar constantat Earth, and a blackbody thermal source. Known limitations and directions forfuture development are discussed.
Furkan Nar Nar (Tue,) studied this question.