A novel copper source for plasma electrolytic oxidation: achieving synergistic antifouling and corrosion resistance on titanium via [Cu(P2O7)2]6-complex

Purpose The present study aims to develop a high-performance film on titanium with both anticorrosion and antifouling properties by using the complex anion [Cu(P2O7)2]6- as a novel copper source. Design/methodology/approach A Cu-incorporated ceramic film was fabricated on a pure titanium substrate via a single-step plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process in an alkaline electrolyte enriched with K6[Cu(P2O7)2]. Findings The addition of [Cu(P2O7)2]6- into the electrolyte enables the formation of a Cu-incorporated TiO2 film. The resulting film exhibits a more compact microstructure compared to the Cu-free counterpart, demonstrating significantly enhanced antifouling efficacy with comparable corrosion resistance. Originality/value The present work pioneers the use of [Cu(P2O7)2]6− as a novel and effective Cu source for one-step fabrication of antifouling PEO films on titanium, presenting a promising and industrially viable strategy for protecting marine pipeline systems.