Assessment of the use of biologic drugs in the treatment of primary antiphospholipid syndrome

Biologic therapies may represent valuable adjunctive options for specific APS phenotypes, especially refractory or complement-driven cases. However, data remain limited by heterogeneity in patient populations, absence of standardized disease activity metrics, and unclear definitions of treatment response. Future studies should prioritize multicentre prospective designs, standardized outcome measures, and biomarker-driven stratification to guide personalized use of biologics in APS.