ABSTRACT Despite the considerable potential of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) vaccines, their clinical efficacy has been hampered by inadequate mucosal immunity and suboptimal Th1/Th17 polarization. To address this, we engineered a novel nano‐adjuvant system using LPS‐modified recombinant outer membrane vesicles (rOMVs) derived from H. pylori to function as a programmable cytokine presentation platform. This engineered nano‐vesicle adjuvant platform (ENAP) confers unique synergistic advantages, including efficient delivery of key immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL‐17A and IFN‐γ, and potent activation of antigen‐specific T‐cell immunity. Following immunization, the platform significantly enhanced antigen‐specific mucosal IgA and systemic IgG2c/IgG1 antibody responses. It further induced a pronounced Th1/Th17‐skewed cellular immune response, resulting in a substantial reduction in bacterial colonization in a protective challenge model. Collectively, our study proposes a versatile and customizable nanotechnology strategy for reprogramming local and systemic immunity through targeted cytokine delivery, offering a promising avenue for the development of next‐generation mucosal vaccine adjuvants against H. pylori and other pathogens.
Shang et al. (2026) studied this question.