Molecular insights into genetic transformation and somatic embryogenesis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Genetic transformation and somatic embryogenesis (SE) are essential biotechnological tools for cotton improvement. Recent advances in transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenetics, and RNA interference (RNAi) have enabled us to better understand the SE regulatory pathways. This review summarizes the findings of several key research studies, focusing on the roles of transcription factors (e.g., GhAGL15s, GhL1L1, GhWOX), hormonal signaling (auxin and cytokinin), DNA methylation, and small RNAs in SE initiation and embryogenic callus formation. In addition, we discuss recent breakthroughs in Agrobacterium -mediated and RNAi-based transformation. Challenges such as genotype recalcitrance and somaclonal variation, along with new approaches to improve SE efficiency, are also addressed.